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Molasses brings colour, a mineral bitterness, and acidity that reacts with baking soda. In gingerbread and baked beans it is a flavour that defines the dish; in a cookie it is often just depth and moisture, which is far easier to replace.
Best for: Baking, the closest everyday swap
Brown sugar is sugar plus molasses, so you are rebuilding it.
Best for: Sauces, marinades, glazes
Thinner and sweeter, without the bitterness.
Best for: British recipes
Treacle is very close; golden syrup is much milder.
Best for: When flavour is flexible
Browns faster, so drop the oven 25°F.
Blackstrap molasses is not a 1:1 substitute for regular molasses. It is much more bitter and mineral, and using it cup for cup in gingerbread makes it harsh. Use about half and make up the rest with a milder syrup. Also note that molasses is acidic and can be what activates the baking soda, so an entirely non-acidic substitute may leave a bake flatter than expected.
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Dark brown sugar with a little water is closest: ¾ cup packed brown sugar plus ¼ cup water for each cup of molasses. Dark treacle is a near-exact match if you can find it.
Yes, at 1:1, though you lose the bitterness that balances the sweetness in things like gingerbread. Honey also browns faster, so lower the oven by 25°F.
No. Blackstrap is the third boiling and is much more bitter and less sweet. Use about half the amount and top up with a milder syrup, or the result will taste harsh.
Dark brown sugar + water is the closest match, at ¾ cup packed dark brown sugar + ¼ cup water per 1 cup. Baking, the closest everyday swap. Brown sugar is sugar plus molasses, so you are rebuilding it.
Dark brown sugar + water (¾ cup packed dark brown sugar + ¼ cup water per 1 cup) if you want the closest result, or Maple syrup (1:1) for sauces, marinades, glazes. Which one is right depends on what the molasses was doing in the dish.
Related guides: Brown Sugar · Honey · Corn Syrup · All guides